Millions of people worldwide struggle with dengue fever, a virus spread by mosquitoes that is most common in tropical and subtropical areas. It is transmitted by the bite of infected female Aedes mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus. With rising urbanization and global warming, the incidence of dengue fever is increasing alarmingly, including in cities like Dhaka, Bangladesh.
This article will walk you through the 20 most common symptoms of dengue fever, its causes, stages, complications, treatment options, preventive measures, and specific considerations for children and pregnant women.
Causes of Dengue Fever
Dengue fever is brought on by the dengue virus (DENV), a member of the Flavivirus genus. The influenza virus has four serotypes: DENV-1, DENV-2, DENV-3, and DENV-4. Lifelong immunity to one serotype but not to the others is provided by infection with that particular serotype. In actuality, the chance of developing severe dengue is increased by secondary infection with a different serotype.
Humans catch the virus when bit by an infected mosquito. After the mosquito feeds on an infected person, it turns into a carrier. The mosquito can spread the virus for the remainder of its life after becoming infected.
Top 20 Symptoms of Dengue Fever
1. Sudden High Fever – Often spikes to 104°F (40°C) and lasts 2–7 days.
2. Severe Headache – Usually located behind the eyes or forehead.
3. Retro-orbital Pain – Pain behind the eyes is one of the hallmark signs.
4. Severe Joint and Muscle Pain – Known as “breakbone fever” due to this symptom.
5. Nausea and Vomiting – Common early-stage symptoms.
6. Skin Rash – Often appears 2–5 days after the onset of fever.
7. Fatigue and Weakness – Can persist even after the fever subsides.
8. Swollen Lymph Nodes – Especially in the neck and groin area.
9. Bleeding Gums or Nose – A sign of hemorrhagic dengue.
10. Easy Bruising – Due to low platelet count.
11. Low Platelet Count (Thrombocytopenia) – A critical sign monitored in blood tests.
12. Abdominal Pain – Can indicate the onset of severe dengue.
13. Loss of Appetite – Common during the febrile phase.
14. Irritability (in Children) – Children may be unusually cranky or restless.
15. Diarrhea – Though less common, it may appear in some patients.
16. Cold Hands and Feet – Signs of shock in severe cases.
17. Dehydration – Caused by vomiting and loss of appetite.
18. Red Spots on Skin – May indicate bleeding under the skin.
19. Metallic Taste in Mouth – Reported in some cases.
20. Breathing Difficulty – In severe dengue, due to fluid in the lungs.
Progression of the Disease
Dengue infection typically progresses through three phases:
1. Febrile Phase – High fever, headache, pain, and general malaise.
2. Critical Phase – Around day 3–7, fever may drop but complications like plasma leakage, low platelets, and bleeding may begin.
3. Recovery Phase – Gradual improvement in symptoms and lab parameters.
Complications of Severe Dengue
If not managed properly, dengue can turn into Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) or Dengue Shock Syndrome (DSS). These conditions are life-threatening and include:
• Severe internal bleeding
• Liver enlargement
• Fluid accumulation in lungs or abdomen
• Organ failure
• Shock or even death
Warning signs of severe dengue include persistent vomiting, bleeding gums, blood in vomit or stool, difficulty breathing, and sudden drop in blood pressure.
Diagnosis of Dengue
Dengue is diagnosed through a combination of clinical signs and lab tests:
• NS1 Antigen Test (early stage)
• IgM and IgG Antibody Tests (later stages)
• CBC Test – Low platelet and white blood cell counts are significant markers.
Treatment and Medical Management
There is no specific antiviral treatment for dengue. Supportive care is the primary approach:
• Fluids and hydration – Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS), coconut water, and IV fluids if needed.
• Paracetamol – For fever and pain (avoid ibuprofen or aspirin due to bleeding risk).
• Hospitalization – For moderate to severe dengue, especially in children, pregnant women, or elderly.
• Monitoring – Daily platelet and hematocrit counts.
Home Care Tips
Patients with mild dengue can be cared for at home under medical supervision:
• Rest in a cool, mosquito-free room.
• Drink at least 2–3 liters of fluids per day.
• Avoid spicy and oily food.
• Use mosquito nets and repellent.
Prevention of Dengue Fever
There is no licensed vaccine in many countries, so prevention is key:
• Eliminate mosquito breeding grounds – Empty stagnant water from pots, tires, coolers.
• Use insect repellents – DEET or picaridin-based repellents work best.
• Wear protective clothing – Long-sleeved shirts and full pants.
• Install mesh or nets – On windows and doors.
• Community spraying – Fogging and larvicide use in outbreak zones.
Fever Management in Children and Infants
Children with dengue should be handled with special care:
• Use only pediatric paracetamol (no aspirin or ibuprofen).
• Monitor temperature regularly.
• Ensure they are drinking enough fluids.
• Watch for irritability, rashes, and signs of dehydration.
• Infants must be taken to the doctor at the first sign of fever. Never try to treat suspected dengue in babies at home.
Dengue in Pregnant Women
Pregnant women infected with dengue may face complications like:
• Premature birth
• Low birth weight
• Excessive bleeding during delivery
Immediate medical care and regular monitoring are vital. Paracetamol is safe for fever, but all other medications must be prescribed by a gynecologist.
Conclusion
Dengue fever is a serious but preventable disease. Early detection, adequate hydration, and timely medical care can significantly reduce complications. By eliminating mosquito breeding grounds and being vigilant about symptoms, we can protect ourselves and our communities. Public education and healthcare support are vital in reducing the burden of dengue. fighting dengue fever is not only a personal responsibility but also a community-wide commitment. Everyone should ensure that water containers are regularly cleaned and covered, and public awareness campaigns must be strengthened. Parents should educate their children about mosquito prevention. Governments and health organizations should collaborate to implement vector control programs, especially in urban areas. During seasonal outbreaks, it is essential to stay updated through official health advisories. Vaccination research is ongoing, and the hope for a widely available dengue vaccine in the future may eventually change how we combat this disease. Until then, our best weapons remain prevention, awareness, and prompt medical action.
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